Tag: Waste Management

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Radioactive Waste Storage in Croatia

Croatia’s parliament has advanced a crucial and controversial initiative, a low to intermediate-level radioactive waste storage facility at Čerkezovac on Trgovska Gora, a former military base near the Bosnian border.

The decision enacts a long-discussed state strategy, serving national and cross-border obligations, yet simultaneously spotlighting regional diplomacy, environmental stewardship, and the role of community engagement in nuclear infrastructure development.

A Strategic Move: Obligations & Infrastructure

Under a bilateral agreement with Slovenia, Croatia is responsible for half of the Krško Nuclear Power Plant’s low- and intermediate-level nuclear waste. The new legislation establishes a regulatory framework to build the Čerkezovac facility that is projected to operate for 40 years before permanent disposal options become available.

Located within a 60‑hectare former army barracks, about 5 km from the nearest Croatian town, Croatians argue it offers existing logistical advantages.

An environmental impact assessment is required before construction, and initial shipments are anticipated around 2028.

Cross‑Border Tensions & Trust Deficit

Bosnia and Herzegovina have raised significant safety concerns, given the site is less than 1 km from Novo Grad’s water wells and just a few kilometres from high schools and the city centre, potentially affecting 250,000 residents.

Bosnian officials cite violations of the Espoo Convention, calling for comprehensive transboundary consultation. Citizens warned Croatia’s legislation circumvents these obligations.

Environmental & Social Concerns

NGOs like Eko Kvarner and various local stakeholders voice frustration at rushed communications and possible devaluation of surrounding properties, forests, farmland, and recreational zones alike.

Although safety assurances cite global best practices, critics warn that rapid cost minimisation often compromises environmental safeguards.

Political and Regulatory Responses

Croatia’s Prime Minister emphasises rigorous safety standards, reiterating no risk to their own or neighbouring populations.

Bosnia’s Foreign Trade Minister officially questions the site’s suitability and seeks EU intervention. In response, Croatia’s waste‑management authority insists full compliance with EU norms, with Bosnia formally invited into the environmental assessment process.

Key Implications for Nuclear Professionals

  • Navigating Cross-Border Dynamics: This case underscores how nuclear infrastructure can quickly evolve into international flashpoints and understanding conventions like Espoo is essential.
  • Importance of Early Engagement: Effective, transparent community and stakeholder communication remains vital especially in proximity to sensitive or protected regions.
  • Balancing Safety and Economics: Deploying global best practices demands investment. The tension between project cost and environmental rigor can’t be ignored.
  • Policy & Technical Integration: Engineering excellence alone is insufficient. Mastery of legal frameworks, diplomacy, and risk perception is equally mandatory.

Final Reflection

Croatia’s Čerkezovac project exemplifies the multi-dimensional challenge of nuclear waste management; technical, geopolitical, environmental, and societal forces converge. For professionals in the nuclear sector, it’s a compelling reminder that success depends not only on engineering acumen, but also on stakeholder alignment, regulatory navigation, and the foresight to see beyond borders.

Picture: EPA/Stringer

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Happy New Year 2026!

As we enter the new year, we see this as the perfect time to plan, foster ideas and relationships while leaning into creativity.

Winter is also a time for reflection and ensuring we can all build on work that has already been undertaken.

2025 was, on the whole, a strong year for the nuclear sector. Public opinion was up, nuclear energy infrastructure was visible on a global scale, and there seems to be renewed interest and support for the future of nuclear power in the UK and beyond.

Below we’ve given brief insight to different areas of the nuclear sector in the UK and globally including defence, engineering, construction and waste management. Please reach out to take these conversations further, to continue networking, and to share your expertise.

Defence

The UK Nuclear Defence sector has seen the modernisation of Trident by continuing its investment in the Dreadnought-class submarines, which will replace the Vanguard fleet as part of the Trident nuclear deterrent program. Construction milestones were met, keeping the program on track for the early 2030s.

AUKUS and Strategic Partnerships saw a deepened collaboration, focusing on nuclear-powered submarine technology and advanced defence capabilities.

Where Policies were concerned the UK reaffirmed its commitment to maintaining a “minimum credible deterrent,” while supporting NATO’s nuclear posture amid heightened global tensions.

On the global stage nuclear defence trends included U.S. and NATO advancing the modernisation of its nuclear triad, including new ICBMs (Sentinel program) and B-21 bombers. NATO emphasised nuclear deterrence as part of its strategic concept.

Russia: Continued development of novel nuclear delivery systems (e.g., hypersonic weapons, Poseidon underwater drones) amid geopolitical strains.

China: Expanded its nuclear arsenal significantly, moving toward a larger and more diversified deterrent, including silo-based ICBMs and submarine-launched systems.

Arms Control Challenges: The collapse of major treaties like New START renewal talks and growing concerns over arms race dynamics marked 2025 as a year of uncertainty for global nuclear governance.

Engineering & Construction

Last year wasn’t just about policy or energy targets; it was a year defined by engineering ambition and construction milestones that will shape the industry for decades to come.

Hinkley Point C continued to dominate headlines as one of the most complex civil engineering projects in Europe. The site saw major progress, from reactor building completion to the installation of critical components. These achievements weren’t without challenges such as cost pressures and supply chain constraints testing resilience, but the project remains central to Britain’s low-carbon energy future.

Meanwhile, Sizewell C moved from planning into tangible action. Preparatory works accelerated, and engineering contracts expanded to support modular construction techniques, signalling a shift toward efficiency and innovation.

But infrastructure isn’t just about concrete and steel, it’s about people. 2025 highlighted the growing need for skilled engineers, project managers, and technical specialists. Apprenticeships and nuclear-specific training programs gained momentum, ensuring the next generation is ready to deliver on these ambitious projects, yet mid-career to executive level we certainly have an important skills gap to address.

Globally, the story was just as compelling. In the United States, Vogtle Units 3 and 4 marked a historic milestone as the first new reactors in decades entered operation. These projects showcased advanced modular assembly techniques, setting a precedent for future builds.

Across Asia, China continued its rapid expansion, leveraging standardised designs to deploy multiple reactors simultaneously, a feat that underscores the importance of engineering precision and scalability.

India and South Korea also pushed forward with new projects, reinforcing nuclear’s role in energy security.

Innovation was another defining theme. Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) moved from concept to reality, with pilot projects in Canada, the US, and the UK edging closer to licensing and early-stage construction. These designs promise flexibility, faster deployment, and a new era of nuclear engineering that could transform how we think about energy infrastructure.

Waste Management

When we talk about nuclear energy, the conversation often gravitates toward power generation, innovation, and carbon reduction. But behind every reactor and infrastructure project lies a critical responsibility, managing nuclear waste safely and sustainably. In 2025, this area saw significant progress and some pressing challenges that will define the future of the industry.

Across the UK, the focus remained on advancing the Geological Disposal Facility (GDF) program, a cornerstone of long-term waste strategy. Community engagement deepened, with several regions actively participating in site evaluations. This wasn’t just about engineering; it was about building trust and transparency. The year highlighted how technical excellence and social responsibility must go hand in hand when dealing with high-level waste.

Operationally, the UK continued to make strides in interim storage solutions, ensuring that spent fuel and radioactive materials are managed securely while permanent disposal options evolve. Engineering innovation played a key role here, with improved containment systems and digital monitoring technologies enhancing safety standards.

Globally, the narrative was equally dynamic. Finland’s Onkalo repository moved closer to becoming the world’s first operational deep geological facility, a milestone that sets a precedent for others. Sweden and France advanced their own disposal programs, while the United States renewed efforts to resolve long-standing challenges around permanent storage. Meanwhile, countries like Canada and Japan invested heavily in research on advanced waste treatment and recycling technologies, aiming to reduce volumes and recover valuable materials.

One of the most exciting developments was the growing interest in partitioning and transmutation techniques that could dramatically reduce the long-term radiotoxicity of waste. While still in the research phase, these innovations signal a future where waste management is not just about containment but transformation.

For professionals in the nuclear sector, these trends underscore a vital truth, waste management is no longer a back-office function. It’s a front-line discipline requiring expertise in engineering, environmental science, policy, and stakeholder engagement. Careers in this space are expanding, offering opportunities to shape solutions that will safeguard generations to come.

In Conclusion

As we move into 2026, the challenge is clear, how do we accelerate progress while maintaining public confidence and technical rigor? The answer lies in collaboration between governments, industry, and communities, and in the talent that drives innovation forward. If 2025 was a year of groundwork, 2026 must be a year of action.

Remember to contact us to expand on these topics and to discuss how Nuclear Careers can help with your hiring needs in 2026.

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Dismantling the Dragon at Winfrith

Located in Dorset and constructed in the 1950’s as a centre of excellence for nuclear reactor research. Dragon was a 20-megawatt power output graphite moderated, helium cooled prototype reactor.

Seven of the nine experimental reactors have been dismantled, and the project is currently at the first of eleven phases to fully dismantle the core.

Nuclear Restoration Services (NRS) are driving innovation forward with this project and Phoebe Lynch, NRS strategic innovation programme manager, said: “All the learning from the initial operational phase of using laser cutting for the Dragon reactor core provided valuable insights into the feasibility, reliability and safety of this technique.”

Over the next few years, the core will be packed into 6m3 concrete intermediate level waste storage boxes, and these will be taken to the Harwell Science & Innovation Park in Oxfordshire.

The long-term aim is that this highly radioactive waste will be permanently stored in the geological disposal facility (GDF) once it is available.

Picture: gov.uk

 

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Philippines Uses Nuclear Tech to Fight Plastic Pollution

During the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) International High-Level Forum, Filipino President, Ferdinand Marcos Jr., talked about his commitment to addressing plastic issues through nuclear technology.

“It affects biodiversity, public health, supply chains, and the lives of our coastal and urban communities. Addressing it requires going beyond regulation and advocacy. It requires technology that is credible, scalable, grounded in rigorous science,” he said.

The work is part of a global initiative by the IAEA called the Nutec Plastics Initiative, and the Philippines are transforming low-value plastic into reliable, commercially viable materials under the Post-Radiation Reactive Extrusion of Plastic Wastes Project (PREx).

Full story; https://www.manilatimes.net/2025/11/26/news/national/philippines-leverages-nuclear-technology-in-fight-against-plastic-pollution/2231044

Picture: Philippines Presidential Communications Office

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Dounreay Clears Away Nuclear Waste

Dounreay was established in 1950’s and in 1954 it was chosen as the site for a new type of reactor, the fast breeder reactors.

Until 1994 it was the place for fast reactor research and development where it had a vital role in advancing nuclear technology. This was led by the UK Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA).

At the end of the 1980’s, when the UK pulled out of continuing its use of fast reactors, it was shut down and so began its journey as a decommissioning site. The Nuclear Decommissioning Group (NDA) took over the site in 2005.

To counteract the lack of business from fast reactors, the site looked to the oil and gas sector. Handling radioactive materials from the gas pipework that got built up due to radioactive material beneath the seabed.

Earlier this week it was announced that the last 29 containers of low-level waste have been removed from the decommissioning site. The site is undergoing construction, demolition and cleanup work to ensure the site and its parts are safe for future generations.

Nuclear Restorations Services (NRS), Nuclear Waste Services (NWS) and contractor Augean have worked together to complete the safe transfer of the containers.

Picture: gov.uk

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Sweden’s Radioactive Waste Repository

Forsmark is home to one of the world’s first repositories for spent nuclear fuel.

Sweden is one of the leading countries when it comes to nuclear waste management and SKB has developed a process for safely storing radioactive waste.

Machinery is on site digging gravel and groundwork has begun on site to prepare for bridge construction. The site is right next door to the Forsmark power plant which should mean logistics are more straight-forward.

The area is 24 hectares; however, the impressive part if what will be 500-metres deep underground; more than 400 hectares that will include 60km of tunnels.

Sweden has 12 commercial reactors in total with 6 still in operation and this will be home to all of their high-level waste.

Excavation work will be completed in stages up until the 2080’s and the first deposited waste will be within the 2030’s.

“While we have been waiting for a decision, we have continued to work on technology development and optimisation,” says SKB’s CEO Stefan Engdahl. We have been able to do what we have been doing for 40 years – research and develop the solutions needed to fulfil our mission: to manage and dispose of operational waste, demolition waste and spent nuclear fuel from our owners.”

Read more here; https://group.vattenfall.com/press-and-media/newsroom/2025/one-of-the-worlds-first-final-repositories-for-spent-nuclear-fuel-is-being-built-in-forsmark

Picture: SKB

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Sellafield £4.6 billion high hazard framework

Sellafield has awarded a new £4.6 billion high hazard risk reduction framework contract to Amentum (remediation and hazardous waste retrieval), Atkins Realis and Altrad (decommissioning and nuclear waste management.), through the Decommissioning and Nuclear Waste Partnership (DNWP).

The Decommissioning Alliance (TDA) is A joint venture involving Amentum, AtkinsRéalis & Westinghouse, handling pond retrievals.

The framework agreement will focus on the retrieval, storage and treatment of waste materials from the oldest facilities on the site and will be in place for 15-years.

All the companies involved with develop a sustainability plan to enhance collaboration with local priorities, ROI and delivering impact.

James Riddick, Sellafield Ltd chief supply chain officer, said:

“Cleaning up the legacy of historic operations on our site is at the heart of our mission. It is important that we achieve this safely, efficiently, and sustainably – our supply chain, and this partnership plays a key role in that.

We’re pleased to welcome our new partners. Their specialist capabilities and teams, working alongside our skilled Sellafield workforce, will help us deliver our mission and drive progress both on site and across our wider community.

Just as importantly, these partners share our values and our commitment to creating lasting social value for the communities we serve.”

Check out the original release; https://www.gov.uk/government/news/sellafield-ltd-awards-high-hazard-risk-reduction-framework-contract

Picture: gov.uk

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Cumbria’s low level radioactive waste disposal facility

Drigg, the UK’s only low-level radioactive waste repository, offers a striking example of long-term stewardship of nuclear byproducts — from its beginnings in 1959 through to planned closure by 2127, and full decommissioning by 2135.

The facility, managed by Nuclear Waste Services, operates vaults and legacy trenches, containerises waste in engineered concrete “bathtubs,” and is moving toward major milestones like capping vault 8 and the legacy trenches to secure protection across many generations.

🌳 What stands out is how Drigg balances rigorous safety engineering, regulatory oversight, and environmental care (including wildlife management and site monitoring), while adapting to external pressures — such as weather, coastal exposure, and evolving regulations. It demonstrates how nuclear waste infrastructure isn’t just about containment; it’s deeply about community trust, transparency, design for the far future, and the people who make all of this possible.

View the full article here.

Image taken from the above article, credit NWS

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